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1.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 68: e220375, 2024. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1533671

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to analyze the association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with subclinical atherosclerosis measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC) in the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. Materials and methods: CAC was measured using a 64-detector computed tomographic scanner. The association of CAC > 0 was presented as an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) in logistic models and as β (95%CI) in linear models after multivariable adjustment for confounders. Results: We analyzed 3,809 participants (mean-age (SD) 50.5 (8.8); 51.7% women). In the main analysis, we did not find an association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with CAC. However, in stratified analysis according to age strata, we found no significative interaction terms, an important heterogeneity between the groups, with the younger age strata showing an association of the group with both diseases and CAC > 0 (OR 7.16; 95%CI, 1.14; 44.89) with a wide but significative 95%CI, suggesting that the smaller number of participants in the younger group may influence the results. Our findings also showed an association of CAC > 0 and log (CAC+1) with diabetes in logistic (OR, 1.31; 95%CI, 1.05-1.63) and linear models (β, 0.24, 0.16, 0.40), respectively. Diabetes was independently associated with CAC > 0 in linear models. Discussion: In conclusion, our results showed a great heterogeneity in stratified analysis based on age in the younger age strata. Although we found no significant interaction factors, the smaller sample size for the analysis may influence the negative findings.

2.
Clinics ; 78: 100154, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1421265

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: The association of diabetes with subclinical thyroid diseases may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We analyzed the association of subclinical hypothyroidism, diabetes, and both diseases with carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT) as a surrogate maker for early cardiovascular disease in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Methods: Cross-sectional analysis with data from the 3rd visit (2017‒2019). Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association of subclinical hypothyroidism, diabetes and of both diseases with a cIMT presented as Beta (95% Confidence Interval - 95% CI) without adjustment, with adjustment for sociodemographic variables (Model 1) and multivariable adjustment (Model 1 more cardiovascular risk factors). We also used logistic regression models to analyze the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% CI for the association of both diseases using cIMT > P75%. Results: After the exclusion of patients with previous cardiovascular disease, 5,077 participants with no diseases, 1578 with diabetes, 662 with subclinical hypothyroidism, and 234 with both diseases were included in the analysis. Linear regression models showed an association of cIMT with only diabetes (β = 0.019; 95% CI 0.012 to 0.027; p < 0.0001) and subclinical hypothyroidism more diabetes (β = 0.03; 95% CI 0.010‒0.047, p < 0.0001). The logistic regression model reported an association between diabetes and CIMT higher than P75% (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.30‒1.71). No interaction between diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism was detected using cIMT respectively as a continuous (p = 0.29) or as a categorical variable (p = 0.92). Discussion: Diabetes was associated with higher cIMT values. However, no additive effect of subclinical hypothyroidism associated with diabetes over cIMT was detected.

3.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 38(8): e00266221, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1384286

ABSTRACT

This study aims to assess the non-additivity effects of gender, race, and schooling on ideal cardiovascular health among participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health - ELSA-Brasil. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the baseline of ELSA-Brasil, conducted from 2008 to 2010. The American Heart Association defined a score of ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) as the sum of indicators for the presence of seven favorable health factors and behaviors: non-smoking, ideal body mass index, physical activity and healthy diet, adequate levels of total cholesterol, normal blood pressure, and absence of diabetes mellitus. Multiplicative and additive interactions between gender, race, and schooling were assessed using the Poisson regression model to discuss intersectionality. The mean cardiovascular health score was 2.49 (SD = 1.31). This study showed a positive interaction between gender and schooling (women with high school and higher education) in both additive and multiplicative scales for the score of ideal cardiovascular health. We observed a trend towards higher mean values of cardiovascular health for increased schooling, with a marked difference among women. The lowest cardiovascular health scores observed reinforce the importance of understanding the psychosocial experiences that influence health attitudes, access to health care, and healthy lifestyle choices, which affect ICH, to reduce inequities in health and propose more adequate public policies that assist and prevent cardiovascular diseases.


Este estudo visa avaliar a não-aditividade dos efeitos de gênero, raça e escolaridade na saúde cardiovascular ideal entre os participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto - ELSA-Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal utilizando dados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil, realizado entre 2008-2010. A Associação Americana do Coração definiu a pontuação de saúde cardiovascular ideal (ICH) como a soma dos indicadores da presença de sete fatores e comportamentos favoráveis à saúde: não fumante, índice de massa corporal ideal, atividade física e dieta saudável, níveis adequados de colesterol total, pressão arterial normal e ausência de diabetes mellitus. Interações multiplicativas e aditivas entre gênero, raça e escolaridade foram avaliadas usando o modelo de Poisson, como uma abordagem para discutir a interseccionalidade. A pontuação média de saúde cardiovascular foi de 2,49 (DP = 1,31). Este estudo encontrou uma interação positiva entre gênero e escolaridade (mulheres com Ensino Médio e Superior), tanto na escala aditiva quanto na escala multiplicativa, para a pontuação de saúde cardiovascular ideal. Houve tendência para maiores valores médios de saúde cardiovascular com o aumento da escolaridade, com diferença acentuada entre as mulheres. As pontuações mais baixas de saúde cardiovascular observadas reforçam a importância de compreender-se as experiências psicossociais que influenciam as atitudes em relação aos serviços de saúde, ao acesso à saúde e às escolhas de estilo de vida saudável, que afetam a ICH, para reduzir as desigualdades em saúde e propor políticas públicas mais adequadas como uma estratégia de assistência e prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares.


Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los efectos no aditivos de género, raza y educación en la salud cardiovascular ideal entre los participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto -ELSA-Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado a partir de datos de línea de base de ELSA-Brasil entre 2008-2010. La Asociación Americana del Corazón definió el puntaje ideal de salud cardiovascular (ICH) como la suma de indicadores de la presencia de siete factores y comportamientos favorables a la salud: no fumador, índice de masa corporal ideal, actividad física y alimentación saludable, niveles adecuados de colesterol total, presión arterial normal y ausencia de diabetes mellitus. Las interacciones multiplicativas y aditivas entre género, raza y educación se evaluaron utilizando el modelo de Poisson como un enfoque para discutir la interseccionalidad. La puntuación media de salud cardiovascular fue de 2,49 (DE = 1,31). Este estudio encontró una interacción positiva entre el género y la educación (mujeres con educación secundaria y universitaria), tanto en la escala aditiva como en la escala multiplicativa, para puntajes ideales de salud cardiovascular. Hubo una tendencia a valores medios más altos de salud cardiovascular conforme aumenta el nivel de educación, con una marcada diferencia entre las mujeres. Los puntajes más bajos de salud cardiovascular refuerzan la importancia de comprender las experiencias psicosociales que influyen en las actitudes hacia la salud, el acceso a la salud y la elección de un estilo de vida saludable, que inciden en el ICH, para reducir las desigualdades en salud y proponer políticas públicas más adecuadas como estrategia de asistencia y prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Longitudinal Studies , Educational Status
4.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 56: 1-9, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1377238

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of hearing loss among adults stratified by the occurrence of hypertension, and to investigate the association between hypertension and hearing loss. METHODS Longitudinal observational study, part of the Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil, Longitudinal Study on Adult's Health). Data from the first and second waves were analyzed, including information from audiological assessment and general health of the subjects. As outcome, we considered the presence of hearing loss (hearing thresholds above 25 dBHL at frequencies from 500 Hz to 8 kHz) and, as exposure variable, hypertension (report of medical diagnosis of hypertension; and/or use of drugs to treat hypertension; and/or pressure systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg; or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg). As covariables for adjustment were considered: sex, age, education, race / ethnicity, income, smoking, diabetes, and occupational exposure to noise. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, estimating the crude and adjusted relative risks, with 95% confidence intervals, in order to assess the factors associated with hearing loss. RESULTS In crude analyses, the incidence of hearing loss was higher for subjects with hypertension (9.7% versus 5.4%). The crude relative risks for hearing loss was almost double (1.93; 95%CI: 1.10-3.39) for subjects with hypertension in the right ear. In the adjusted analyses, the relative risks was not significant for the hypertension variable (1.42; 95%CI: 0.75-2.67). Being 60 years or older (RR: 5.41; 95%CI: 2.79-10.50) showed a statistically significant association with hearing loss, indicating that older adults have higher relative risks for hearing loss. CONCLUSION In the adjusted analyses controlled for multiple risk factors there was no association between hypertension and hearing loss. The dichotomous variable age (being 60 years or older), on the other hand, has shown a significant association with hearing loss.


Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Hearing Loss/etiology , Hearing Loss/epidemiology , Hypertension/etiology , Hypertension/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Incidence , Longitudinal Studies
5.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 65(6): 832-840, Nov.-Dec. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1350004

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: Although some previous data have suggested a high iodine intake in Brazil, the prevalence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb) in the country is compatible with rates from countries with adequate iodine intake. This observation emphasizes the importance of knowing the incidence of TPOAb in Brazil. Materials and methods: This prospective analysis included euthyroid participants with negative TPOAb at baseline and a thyroid function assessment at a 4-year follow-up. TPOAb was measured by electrochemiluminescence and considered positive when titers were ≥34 IU/mL. TSH and free T4 (FT4) levels were determined by a third-generation immunoenzymatic assay. The incidence of TPOAb is expressed in percentage per year or as a cumulative incidence within the 4-year follow-up period. Results: Of 8,922 euthyroid participants (mean age 51.1 years; 50.9% women) with a negative TPOAb test at baseline, 130 presented incident TPOAb at the 4-year follow-up, yielding an annual incidence of TPOAb of 0.38%/year (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.37-0.39%/year) and a cumulative incidence over 4 years of 1.46% (95% CI, 1.21-1.71%). In men, the annual incidence was 0.32% (95% CI, 0.31-0.33%), and the cumulative incidence over 4 years was 1.23% (95% CI, 0.90-1.56%). In women, the annual incidence was 0.43%/year (95% CI, 0.42-0.44%/year) and the cumulative incidence over 4 years was 1.67% (95% CI, 1.30-2.04%). The only factor associated with incident TPOAb was the occurrence of thyroid diseases at follow-up. No differences in TPOAb incidence were detected across ELSA-Brasil research centers. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the incidence of TPOAb per year and at a 4-year follow-up period are compatible with those of a country with adequate iodine intake.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Autoantibodies , Iodide Peroxidase , Brazil/epidemiology , Incidence , Follow-Up Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Middle Aged
6.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 65(4): 468-478, July-Aug. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1339110

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate incidence of subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Subjects and methods: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a prospective cohort study of 15,105 civil servants, examined at baseline and over a 4-year follow-up. This analysis included 9,705 participants with normal thyroid function at baseline, follow-up information about thyroid function and with no report of using drugs that may interfere in the thyroid function. Thyroid function was defined by TSH/FT4 levels or routine use of thyroid hormones/anti-thyroid medications. Annual and cumulative (over 4-year) incidence rates were presented as percentages (95% Confidence Intervals). Results: The incidence of all overt and subclinical thyroid disease was 6.7% (1.73%/year): 0.19% for overt hyperthyroidism (0.048%/year), 0.54% for subclinical hyperthyroidism (0.14%/year), 1.98% for overt hypothyroidism (0.51%/year), and 3.99% for subclinical hypothyroidism (1.03%/year). The incidence of all thyroid diseases was higher in women, when compared to men, with a low women:men ratio (1.36). For Blacks the highest incidence was for overt hyperthyroidism, while for Whites, the highest incidence was for overt hypothyroidism. However, the highest incidence of overt hyperthyroidism was detected in Asian descendants. The presence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies at baseline was associated with higher incidence of overt thyroid diseases. Conclusion: These results showed a high incidence of hypothyroidism, which is compatible with a country with a more-than-adequate iodine intake. The low women:men ratio of the incidence of thyroid dysfunction highlights the importance of the diagnosis of thyroid diseases among men in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Thyroid Diseases/epidemiology , Hyperthyroidism/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Thyrotropin , Incidence , Prospective Studies , Longitudinal Studies
7.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 78(11): 672-680, Nov. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1142367

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: Most studies that analyze the association between serum folate levels and cognitive function either restrict their assessments to specific clinical scenarios or do not include middle-aged individuals, to whom strategies for preventing cognitive impairment may be more feasible. Objective: To examine the association between serum folate levels and cognitive function in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline assessment. Methods: Data from 4,571 ELSA-Brasil participants who live in the state of São Paulo, aged 35-74 years, were analyzed. The word list learning, delayed recall, word recognition, verbal fluency, and Trail Making Test Part B consisted in the cognitive tests. For each test, age, sex, and education-specific standardized scores and a global cognitive score were calculated. Crude and adjusted linear regression models were used to examine the associations of serum folate levels with cognitive test scores. Results: In multivariable-adjusted models, serum folate was not associated with global cognitive score (β=-0.043; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] -0.135 to 0.050 for lowest vs. highest quintile group), nor with any cognitive test performance. We did not find associations between serum folate and global cognitive scores in subgroups stratified by age, sex, or use of vitamin supplements either. Conclusions: We did not find significant associations between serum folate and cognitive performance in this large sample, which is characterized by a context of food fortification policies and a consequent low frequency of folate deficiency. Positive results from previous studies may not apply to the increasingly common contexts in which food fortification is implemented, or to younger individuals.


RESUMO Introdução: A maioria dos estudos que analisam a associação entre os níveis séricos de folato e a função cognitiva restringem suas avaliações a cenários clínicos específicos ou não incluem indivíduos de meia idade, nos quais estratégias preventivas para a função cognitiva podem ser mais viáveis. Objetivo: Examinar a associação entre os níveis séricos de folato e a função cognitiva na avaliação inicial do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Métodos: Foram analisados dados de 4.571 participantes do ELSA-Brasil em São Paulo, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos. Os testes cognitivos foram aprendizagem, recordatório tardio e reconhecimento de lista de palavras; fluência verbal e teste de trilhas parte B. Calculamos, para cada teste e globalmente, escores padronizados para idade, sexo e educação. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão linear para examinar as associações dos níveis séricos de folato com o desempenho nos testes cognitivos. Resultados: Em modelos ajustados para múltiplas variáveis, o folato sérico não esteve associado ao escore cognitivo global (β=-0,043; intervalo de confiança de 95%: [IC95%] -0,135 a 0,050 para 1º vs. 5º quintil), ou desempenho em qualquer teste cognitivo. Também não encontramos associações entre folato sérico e escores cognitivos globais em subgrupos estratificados por idade, sexo ou uso de suplementos vitamínicos. Conclusões: Não encontramos associações significativas entre folato sérico e desempenho cognitivo nesta grande amostra, caracterizada por um cenário sob políticas de fortificação alimentar e consequente baixa frequência de deficiência de folato. Resultados positivos de estudos anteriores podem não se aplicar às situações cada vez mais comuns em que a fortificação de alimentos é implementada, ou a indivíduos mais jovens.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Cognition , Cognitive Dysfunction , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Folic Acid
8.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 112(3): 220-227, Mar. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-989347

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Abdominal adiposity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Objective: To determine the magnitude of the association between abdominal adiposity, according to five different indicators, and the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Methods: Data from 8,449 participants aged 35 to 74 years from the ELSA-Brazil study were used. The effect of waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), conicity index (C index), lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) on CIMT were evaluated. Data were stratified by gender and analyzed using multivariate linear and logistic regressions. A significance level of 5% was considered. Results: Participants with CIMT > P75 showed a higher frequency of abdominal adiposity (men >72% and women >66%) compared to those with CIMT < P75. Abdominal adiposity was associated with the mean CIMT, mainly through WC in men (0.04; 95%CI: 0.033; 0.058). The abdominal adiposity identified by the WC, WHR, LAP, and VAI indicators in women showed an effect of 0.02 mm on the CIMT (WC: 0.025, 95%CI: 0.016, 0.035; WHR: 0.026, 95%CI: 0.016, 0.035; LAP: 0.024, 95%CI: 0.014; 0.034; VAI: 0.020, 95%CI: 0.010, 0.031). In the multiple logistic regression, the abdominal adiposity diagnosed by WC showed an important effect on the CIMT in both genders (men: OR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.22-1.77, women: OR = 1.38; 95%CI: 1.17-1.64). Conclusion: Abdominal adiposity, identified through WC, WHR, LAP, and VAI, was associated with CIMT in both genders, mainly for the traditional anthropometric indicator, WC.


Resumo Fundamento: A adiposidade abdominal é um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular. Objetivo: Determinar a magnitude da associação entre a adiposidade abdominal, segundo cinco diferentes indicadores, e a espessura médio-intimal de carótidas (EMI-C). Métodos: Usou-se dados de 8.449 participantes de 35 a 74 anos do ELSA-Brasil. Foi avaliado o efeito da circunferência da cintura (CC), razão cintura quadril (RCQ), índice de conicidade (Índice C), produto da acumulação lipídica (LAP) e índice de adiposidade visceral (IAV) sobre EMI-C. Os dados foram estratificados por sexo e analisados por meio de regressões linear e logística multivariadas. Foi adotado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Participantes com EMI-C acima do P75 mostraram maior frequência de adiposidade abdominal (homens acima de 72% e mulheres acima de 66%) em comparação aos participantes com EMI-C abaixo do P75. A adiposidade abdominal foi associada com a média da EMI-C, principalmente por meio da CC entre homens (0,04 IC95%: 0,033; 0,058). A adiposidade abdominal identificada pelos indicadores CC, RCQ, LAP e IAV entre as mulheres mostrou efeito de 0,02 mm sobre a EMI-C (CC: 0,025 IC95%: 0,016; 0,035; RCQ: 0,026 IC95%: 0,016; 0,035; LAP: 0,024 IC95%: 0,014; 0,034; IAV: 0,020 IC95%: 0,010; 0,031). Na regressão logística múltipla a adiposidade abdominal diagnosticada pela CC mostrou importante efeito sobre a EMI-C em ambos os sexos (homens: OR = 1,47; IC95%: 1,22-1,77; mulheres: OR = 1,38; IC95%: 1,17-1,64). Conclusão: A adiposidade abdominal, identificada por meio da CC, RCQ, LAP e IAV, foi associada à EMI-C em ambos os sexos, com destaque para o tradicional indicador antropométrico CC.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Obesity, Abdominal/diagnostic imaging , Carotid Intima-Media Thickness , Brazil , Biomarkers/blood , Risk Factors , Longitudinal Studies , Obesity, Abdominal/metabolism , Lipid Accumulation Product , Lipids/blood
9.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 112(3): 230-237, Mar. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-989327

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) has played an important role in the risk stratification of patients during the in-hospital phase of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but few studies have determined its role as a long-term prognostic marker in the outpatient setting. Objective: To investigate the association between levels of hs-cTnI measured in the subacute phase after an ACS event and long-term prognosis in a highly admixed population. Methods: We measured levels of hs-cTnI in 525 patients 25 to 90 days after admission for an ACS event; these patients were then divided into tertiles according to hs-cTnI levels and followed for up to 7 years. We compared all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using Cox proportional hazards models and adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: After a median follow-up of 51 months, patients in the highest tertile had a greater hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality after adjustment for age, sex, known cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, and demographic factors (HR: 3.84, 95% CI: 1.92-8.12). These findings persisted after further adjustment for estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and left ventricular ejection fraction < 0.40 (HR: 6.53, 95% CI: 2.12-20.14). Cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in the highest tertile after adjustment for age and sex (HR: 5.65, 95% CI: 1.94-16.47) and both in the first (HR: 4.90, 95% CI: 1.35-17.82) and second models of multivariate adjustment (HR: 5.89, 95% CI: 1.08-32.27). Conclusions: Elevated hs-cTnI levels measured in the stabilized phase after an ACS event are independent predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a highly admixed population.


Resumo Fundamento: A troponina cardíaca de alta sensibilidade I (TnI-as) tem desempenhado um papel importante na estratificação de risco dos pacientes durante a fase intra-hospitalar da síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), mas poucos estudos determinaram seu papel como marcador prognóstico de longo prazo no ambiente ambulatorial. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre os níveis de TnI-as medidos na fase subaguda após um evento de SCA e o prognóstico a longo prazo, em uma população altamente miscigenada. Métodos: Medimos os níveis de TnI-as em 525 pacientes em um período de 25 a 90 dias após a entrada em hospital por um evento de SCA; esses pacientes foram então divididos em tercis conforme os níveis de TnI-as, e acompanhados por até 7 anos. Comparamos as mortalidades por todas as causas e cardiovascular através de modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox e adotando um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Após um acompanhamento médio de 51 meses, os pacientes no tercil mais alto apresentaram uma taxa de risco (HR) maior para mortalidade por todas as causas, após ajustes para idade, sexo, fatores de risco cardiovascular conhecidos, uso de medicação e fatores demográficos (HR: 3,84 IC 95%: 1,92-8,12). Esses achados persistiram após um ajuste adicional para uma taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) estimada < 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 e uma fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 0,40 (HR: 6,53; IC95%: 2,12-20,14). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi significativamente maior no tercil mais alto, após ajustes para idade e sexo (RR: 5,65; IC95%: 1,94-16,47) e tanto no primeiro modelo de ajuste multivariado (HR: 4,90; IC 95%: 1,35-17,82) quanto no segundo (HR: 5,89; IC95%: 1,08-32,27). Conclusões: Níveis elevados de TnI-as, medidos na fase estabilizada após um evento de SCA, são preditores independentes de mortalidade por todas as causas e de mortalidade cardiovascular em uma população altamente miscigenada.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Troponin I/blood , Acute Coronary Syndrome/mortality , Prognosis , Brazil/epidemiology , Biomarkers/blood , Proportional Hazards Models , Risk Factors , Follow-Up Studies , Cause of Death , Troponin T/blood , Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis
10.
Braz. j. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 84(6): 754-763, Nov.-Dec. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-974377

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Chronic diseases can act as an accelerating factor in the auditory system degeneration. Studies on the association between presbycusis and diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension have shown controversial conclusions. Objective: To compare the initial audiometry (A1) with a subsequent audiometry (A2) performed after a 3 to 4-year interval in a population of elderly patients with diabetes mellitus and/or systemic arterial hypertension, to verify whether hearing loss in these groups is more accelerated when compared to controls without these clinical conditions. Methods: 100 elderly individuals participated in this study. For the auditory threshold assessment, a previous complete audiological evaluation (A1) and a new audiological evaluation (A2) performed 3-4 years after the first one was utilized. The participants were divided into four groups: 20 individuals in the diabetes mellitus group, 20 individuals in the systemic arterial hypertension group, 20 individuals in the diabetes mellitus/systemic arterial hypertension group and 40 individuals in the control group, matching them with each study group, according to age and gender. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were used, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: When comparing the mean annual increase in the auditory thresholds of the A1 with the A2 assessment, considering each study group and its respective control, it can be observed that there was no statistically significant difference for any of the frequencies for the diabetes mellitus group; for the systemic arterial hypertension group, significant differences were observed after 4 kHz. For the diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension group, significant differences were observed at the frequencies of 500, 2 kHz, 3 kHz and 8 kHz. Conclusion: It was observed that the systemic arterial hypertension group showed the greatest decrease in auditory thresholds in the studied segment when compared to the other groups, suggesting that among the three studied conditions, hypertension seems to have the greatest influence on hearing.


Resumo: Introdução: Doenças crônicas podem atuar como fator de aceleração na degeneração do sistema auditivo. Os estudos sobre a associação da presbiacusia com o diabetes mellitus e com a hipertensão arterial sistêmica mostraram conclusões controversas. Objetivo: Comparar a audiometria inicial (A1) com uma audiometria sequencial (A2) feita com um intervalo de três a quatro anos em uma população de idosos portadores de diabetes mellitus e/ou hipertensão arterial sistêmica, a fim de saber se a perda de acuidade auditiva nesses grupos é mais acelerada comparados com controles sem essas condições clínicas. Método: Participaram deste estudo 100 idosos. Para a análise dos limiares auditivos, foram usadas: uma avaliação audiológica completa feita anteriormente (A1) e uma nova avaliação audiológica (A2) feita após três a quatro anos da primeira. Os participantes foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: 20 indivíduos no grupo com diabetes mellitus, 20 no grupo hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 20 no grupo diabetes mellitus/hipertensão arterial sistêmica e 40 indivíduos no grupo controle, foram pareados com cada grupo de estudo, de acordo com as características referentes a idade e sexo. Foram usados os testes estatísticos Anova e Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: Na comparação da média de aumento anual dos limiares auditivos da avaliação A1 com a avaliação A2, considerando cada grupo estudo e seu respectivo controle, pode-se observar que para o grupo diabetes mellitus não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para qualquer das frequências; para o grupo hipertensão arterial sistêmica foram observadas diferenças significantes a partir de 4 kHz. Já para o grupo diabetes mellitus/hipertensão arterial sistêmica foram observadas diferenças significantes nas frequências de 500, 2k, 3k e 8 kHz. Conclusão: Verificou-se que o grupo hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi o que apresentou maior queda dos limiares auditivos no segmento estudado, quando comparado com os outros grupos, sugeriu que entre as três condições estudadas a hipertensão parece ser a que teve maior influência sobre a audição.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Auditory Threshold , Diabetes Complications/complications , Diabetes Mellitus , Hearing Loss/etiology , Hypertension/complications , Follow-Up Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Hearing Tests
11.
Geriatr., Gerontol. Aging (Online) ; 12(2): 121-135, abr.-jun.2018.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-914982

ABSTRACT

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever as definições conceitual e operacional da síndrome de fragilidade recomendadas pelo Consenso Brasileiro de Fragilidade em Idosos. Em 2015, uma força-tarefa composta de especialistas brasileiros em envelhecimento humano conduziu uma revisão bibliográfica sobre fragilidade em idosos no Brasil e estabeleceu um consenso acerca dos principais achados por meio de reuniões periódicas. No total, 72 artigos foram incluídos para análise, entre os quais, uma revisão sistemática, duas discussões conceituais, duas descrições metodológicas, quatro estudos longitudinais focando mortalidade e piora do perfil de fragilidade, oito estudos de adaptação transcultural e 55 estudos transversais ou de prevalência. Quarenta e cinco estudos (62,5%) utilizaram a escala de fragilidade do Cardiovascular Health Study (EFCHS), dos quais sete (15,2%) usaram pontos de corte não ajustados para a amostra e 17 (36,9%) modificaram pelo menos um dos cinco itens que compõem o instrumento. A prevalência de fragilidade variou entre 6,7 e 74,1%. Quando utilizada a EFCHS, a ampla variação de prevalência ­ de 8 a 49,3% ­ dependeu dos pontos de corte empregados para classificar as alterações na velocidade de marcha e na força de preensão palmar, bem como do cenário de investigação. Os estudos foram baseados em quatro grandes modelos conceituais de fragilidade. A fragilidade em idosos representa um estado de vulnerabilidade fisiológica e não deve ser confundida com incapacidades ou multimorbidades. Na população brasileira, a prevalência de fragilidade ainda não está adequadamente estimada, e os pontos de corte dos itens que compõem as escalas de fragilidade devem ser adaptados aos parâmetros dessa população.


The aim of the present study was to describe the conceptual and operational definitions of the frailty syndrome recommended by the Brazilian Consensus on Frailty in Older People. In 2015, a task force consisting of Brazilian specialists on human aging conducted a bibliographical review on frailty among older people in Brazil and established a consensus on the main findings through periodic meetings. A total of 72 articles were included in the analysis, comprising one systematic review, two conceptual discussions, two methodological descriptions, four longitudinal studies focusing on mortality and worsening of the frailty profile, eight cross-cultural adaptation studies, and 55 cross-sectional or prevalence studies. Forty-five studies (62.5%) used the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) frailty scale, of which seven (15.2%) used unadjusted cut-off points for their samples and 17 (36.9%) modified at least one of the five items of the instrument. The prevalence of frailty varied between 6.7 and 74.1%. When the CHS frailty scale was used, the wide range of prevalence ­ from 8 to 49.3% ­ depended on the cut-off points used to classify changes in gait speed and handgrip strength, as well as the research setting. The studies were based on four major conceptual models of frailty. Frailty in older people represents a state of physiological vulnerability and should not be confused with disabilities or multi-morbidities. In the Brazilian population, the prevalence of frailty has not yet been adequately estimated, and the cut-off points of the items of the frailty scales should be adapted to the parameters of this population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aging , Frail Elderly , Frailty , Brazil , Consensus Development Conferences as Topic , Review Literature as Topic , Health of the Elderly , Health Vulnerability , Frailty/epidemiology
12.
J. bras. nefrol ; 40(1): 18-25, Jan.-Mar. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893822

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: The aging of the population may lead to an increased prevalence of dementia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their overlap. Objective: We investigated the association between CKD and cognitive performance among Brazilian adults (35-74 years). Methods: Baseline data analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Adults (ELSA-Brasil), a multicenter cohort comprising 15,105 civil servants, was performed. Kidney function was defined by the CKD-Epi-estimated GRF and albumin creatinin ratio (ACR). Cognitive performance was measured across tests that included the word memory tests, verbal fluency tests and Trail Making Test B. Multiple logistic and linear regressions were used to investigate the association between CKD and global as well as test-specific lowered cognitive performance. Results: More than 90% of participants did not present CKD even considering reduced GFR or increased ACR simultaneously. Lowered cognitive performance was detected among 15.8% of the participants and mean values of GFR were slightly higher among those with normal than with lowered cognitive performance (86 ± 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 x 85 ± 16 mL/min/1.73 m2, p < 0.01). Age, education, skin-color, smoking, drinking, hypertension, and diabetes were associated with lowered cognition. After adjustment for these variables, there was no association between CKD and lowered cognitive performance. Negligibly small beta values were observed when analyzing CKD and the scores of all tests. Conclusion: These results suggest that cognitive performance remains preserved until renal function reaches significant worsening. Preventive measures to maintain renal function may contribute to the preservation of cognitive function.


Resumo Introdução: o envelhecimento da população pode levar a uma maior prevalência de demência, doença renal crônica (DRC) e da coexistência dessas doenças. Objetivo: investigamos a associação entre DRC e desempenho cognitivo em adultos brasileiros (35-74 anos). Métodos: análise de dados da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal em Adultos (ELSA-Brasil), uma coorte multicêntrica envolvendo 15.105 funcionários públicos. A função renal foi definida pela TFG estimada CKD-Epi e pela razão albumina/creatinina (RAC). O desempenho cognitivo foi medido em avaliações que incluíram testes de memória de palavras, testes de fluência verbal e Teste de trilhas, versão B (Teste de Trilhas). Regressões logísticas e lineares múltiplas foram usadas para investigar a associação entre DRC e desempenho cognitivo global, bem como desempenho cognitivo reduzido em testes específicos. Resultados: Mais de 90% dos participantes não apresentaram DRC, mesmo considerando redução da TFG ou RAC aumentada, simultaneamente. O desempenho cognitivo reduzido foi detectado entre 15,8% dos participantes e os valores médios da TFG foram discretamente maiores entre os que apresentam desempenho cognitivo normal (86 ± 15 mL/min 1,73 m2 x 85 ± 16 mL/min/1,73 m2, p < 0,01). A idade, nível educacional, a cor da pele, o tabagismo, o consumo de álcool, a hipertensão e o diabetes estavam associados à cognição reduzida. Após o ajuste para essas variáveis, não houve associação entre DRC e desempenho cognitivo reduzido. Foram observados valores beta insignificantes ao analisar a DRC e as pontuações de todos os testes. Conclusão: estes resultados sugerem que o desempenho cognitivo permanece preservado até a função renal atingir piora significativa. Medidas preventivas para manter a função renal podem contribuir para a preservação da função cognitiva.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies
13.
São Paulo med. j ; 136(1): 64-72, Jan.-Feb. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-904140

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), as measured by ultrasound, has been used in large studies as a non-invasive marker for subclinical atherosclerosis. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a cohort of 15,105 civil servants in six Brazilian cities that included CIMT evaluation in its baseline assessment. The aim of the present narrative review was to provide an overview of ELSA-Brasil CIMT articles published up to July 31, 2017. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review of ELSA-Brasil CIMT studies using baseline assessment data. METHODS: We searched PubMed for the terms "ELSA-Brasil" and "intima-media". This search yielded 21 published articles using CIMT data from the ELSA-Brasil baseline assessment, which were included in this review. We also present information about intima-media thickness assessment from ongoing onsite reevaluations of the study participants. RESULTS: Most published studies focused on the association with traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors. Studies also presented information about the ELSA-Brasil CIMT protocol at baseline and CIMT value distribution in this large sample. CONCLUSIONS: Analyses on the ELSA-Brasil data led to important insights on CIMT interpretation and physiology. Besides the highlighted contributions which have already been made in this field, new data gathered during the ongoing third onsite assessment will enable investigation of substantially new research questions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Carotid Intima-Media Thickness , Brazil , Risk Factors , Longitudinal Studies
14.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 108(1): 31-37, Jan. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-838676

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a very often clinical condition that can be associated with high mortality risk, particularly in coronary heart disease (CHD). The diagnosis of OSA is not always accessible via the gold-standard method polysomnography. Objective: To evaluate long-term influence of the high risk for OSA on fatal and non-fatal outcomes after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy (ERICO) Study using the Berlin questionnaire as a surrogate. Methods: Berlin questionnaire, a screening questionnaire for OSA, was applied in 639 cases of ACS 30 days after the index event. Cox regression proportional-hazards model was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause, cardiovascular and CHD (myocardial infarction) mortality, as well as, the combined endpoint of fatal or recurrent non-fatal CHD. Results: The high-risk group for OSA had higher frequencies of previous personal/family history of CHD and diabetes, in addition to a poorer event-free survival, as compared to the low-risk group (p-log-rank=0.03). The HR for fatal or recurrent non-fatal CHD was 4.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.18 - 15.36) in patients at high risk for OSA compared to those at low risk for OSA after a 2.6-year mean follow-up. Conclusions: Using Berlin questionnaire, we were able to identify high risk for OSA as an independent predictor of non-fatal reinfarction or CHD mortality in post-ACS individuals in a long-term follow-up.


Resumo Fundamento: Apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é uma condição clínica muito frequente, que pode estar associada a alto risco de mortalidade, particularmente em doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Nem sempre o diagnóstico de AOS acha-se disponível por polissonografia, o método padrão-ouro. Objetivo: Avaliar, usando o Questionário de Berlim como substituto, a influência a longo prazo do alto risco para AOS nos desfechos fatal e não fatal após síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) na Estratégia de Registro de Insuficiência Coronariana (estudo ERICO). Métodos: O Questionário de Berlim, para triagem de AOS, foi aplicado a 639 casos de SCA 30 dias após o evento índice. Usou-se o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox para calcular a razão de risco (HR) para mortalidade por todas as causas, por doença cardiovascular e por IAM (infarto agudo do miocárdio), assim como os desfecho combinado infarto do miocárdio fatal e recorrente não fatal. Resultados: O grupo de alto risco para AOS apresentou maior frequência de história pessoal/familiar de DAC e diabetes, assim como pior sobrevida livre de evento, quando comparado ao de baixo risco (p-log-rank = 0,03). A HR para IAM fatal e recorrente não fatal foi 4,26 (intervalo de confiança 95%: 1,18-15,36) para os pacientes de alto risco para AOS em comparação àqueles de baixo risco após seguimento médio de 2,6 anos. Conclusões: Usando o Questionário de Berlim, conseguimos identificar alto risco para AOS como fator preditivo independente de reinfarto não fatal ou mortalidade por IAM após SCA em seguimento em longo prazo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Assessment/methods , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/mortality , Acute Coronary Syndrome/mortality , Prognosis , Recurrence , Socioeconomic Factors , Time Factors , Brazil , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Follow-Up Studies , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/complications , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/diagnosis , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Acute Coronary Syndrome/complications
15.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 51: 76, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-903244

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare two methodological approaches: the multinomial model and the zero-inflated gamma model, evaluating the factors associated with the practice and amount of time spent on leisure time physical activity. METHODS Data collected from 14,823 baseline participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil - Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto ) have been analysed. Regular leisure time physical activity has been measured using the leisure time physical activity module of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The explanatory variables considered were gender, age, education level, and annual per capita family income. RESULTS The main advantage of the zero-inflated gamma model over the multinomial model is that it estimates mean time (minutes per week) spent on leisure time physical activity. For example, on average, men spent 28 minutes/week longer on leisure time physical activity than women did. The most sedentary groups were young women with low education level and income CONCLUSIONS The zero-inflated gamma model, which is rarely used in epidemiological studies, can give more appropriate answers in several situations. In our case, we have obtained important information on the main determinants of the duration of leisure time physical activity. This information can help guide efforts towards the most vulnerable groups since physical inactivity is associated with different diseases and even premature death.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Exercise , Surveys and Questionnaires , Models, Statistical , Leisure Activities , Socioeconomic Factors , Time Factors , Brazil , Regression Analysis , Longitudinal Studies , Sedentary Behavior , Middle Aged
16.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 107(4): 323-330, Oct. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-827857

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies evaluating the influence of the unit of the first contact on the frequency and time of pharmacological treatment during an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event. Objectives: The main objective was to investigate if the unit of first contact influenced the frequency and time of aspirin treatment in the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study. Methods: We analyzed the pharmacological treatment time in 830 ERICO participants - 700 individuals for whom the hospital was the unit of first contact and 130 who initially sought primary care units. We built logistic regression models to study whether the unit of first contact was associated with a treatment time of less than three hours. Results: Individuals who went to primary care units received the first aspirin dose in those units in 75.6% of the cases. The remaining 24.4% received aspirin at the hospital. Despite this finding, individuals from primary care still had aspirin administered within three hours more frequently than those who went to the hospital (76.8% vs 52.6%; p<0.001 and 100% vs. 70.7%; p=0.001 for non ST-elevation ACS and ST-elevation myocardial infarction, respectively). In adjusted models, individuals coming from primary care were more likely to receive aspirin more quickly (odds ratio: 3.66; 95% confidence interval: 2.06-6.51). Conclusions: In our setting, individuals from primary care were more likely to receive aspirin earlier. Enhancing the ability of primary care units to provide early treatment and safe transportation may be beneficial in similar settings.


Resumo Fundamento: Em nosso conhecimento, não há estudos que avaliam a influência da unidade de primeiro contato na frequência e tempo para o tratamento farmacológico durante um evento de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Objetivos: O principal objetivo foi investigar se a unidade de primeiro contato influencia a frequência e o tempo para tratamento com aspirina no estudo "Estratégia de Registro de Insuficiência Coronariana" (ERICO). Métodos: Analisamos o tempo para o tratamento farmacológico em 830 participantes do estudo ERICO - 700 indivíduos cuja primeira unidade de contato foi o hospital, e 130 que procuraram, num primeiro momento, unidades de atenção primária. Construímos modelos de regressão logística para estudar se a unidade de primeiro contato estava associada a um tempo de tratamento de menos de três horas. Resultados: Indivíduos que buscaram unidades de atenção primária receberam a primeira dose de aspirina nestas unidades em 75,6% dos casos. Os outros 24,4% receberam a aspirina no hospital. Apesar deste achado, indivíduos de unidades de atenção primária receberam aspirina em três horas mais frequentemente do que aqueles que foram ao hospital (76,8% vs 52,6%; p<0,001 e 100% vs, 70,7%; p=0,001 para SCA sem elevação do segmento ST e infarto agudo do miocárdio com elevação do ST, respectivamente). Em modelos ajustados, indivíduos vindos de unidades de atenção primária tinham mais probabilidade de receber aspirina mais rapidamente (razão de chances: 3,66; 95% intervalo de confiança: 2,06-6,51). Conclusões: Neste contexto, indivíduos provenientes de unidades de atenção primária tinham maior chance de receber aspirina mais rapidamente. O aprimoramento da capacidade das unidades de atenção primária para proporcionar tratamento precoce e transporte seguro pode ser benéfico em contextos similares.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Aspirin/administration & dosage , Acute Coronary Syndrome/drug therapy , Time Factors , Ticlopidine/administration & dosage , Ticlopidine/analogs & derivatives , Brazil , Heparin/administration & dosage , Prospective Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Educational Status , Fibrinolytic Agents/administration & dosage , Clopidogrel , Anticoagulants/administration & dosage
17.
Rev. med. (Säo Paulo) ; 92(2): 128-133, abr.-jun. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-730754

ABSTRACT

A sexualidade, apesar de sua relevância no âmbito da promoção da saúde, é pouco abordada durante os cursos de graduação e por profissionais da saúde na prática clínica. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o projeto “Sexo sem Tabu”, realizado por alunos do primeiro ano do curso de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, dentro da proposta da disciplina “Atenção Primária à Saúde I”. Após delineamento do tema e revisão literária, foram executados dois dias de intervenção. Baseados em dinâmicas propostas pelo Ministério da Saúde, discutimos sexualidade e temas correlatos em saúde, com pequenos grupos de alunos de uma escola técnica na cidade de São Paulo. Dentre os alunos participantes, 115/117 (98,3%) disseram ter dúvidas solucionadas durante a discussão e 114/117 (97,4%) consideraram que as informações que foram trazidas eram relevantes para suas vidas. Os alunos da Faculdade de Medicina relataram a oportunidade de treinar várias habilidades afetivas e cognitivas como habilidades de comunicação, desenvoltura, capacidade de lidar com o imprevisto, além de reconhecer que a abordagem da sexualidade não se restringe aos aspectos relacionados às doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, mas também a questões emocionais, morais e fisiológicas. Em conclusão, esta ação comunitária, com foco em promoção da saúde dos adolescentes e abordando o tema da sexualidade, trouxe resultados positivos para os alunos do ensino médio e para a formação profissional dos estudantes de medicina.


Although sexuality has an evident importance in health promotion, it is rarely discussed during undergraduate courses or assessed by health professionals during clinical practice. The aim of this article is to describe the “Sexo sem Tabu” project, a community action realized by first year medical students from the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, during the course “Primary Care I” (“Atenção Primária à Saúde I”). After establishing project design and adequate literature review, we realized two days of community action. Based on dynamics proposed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, we discussed sexuality and other related health topics within small groups of students from a technical high school in the city of São Paulo. Among high school participants, 115/117 (98.3%) considered that they had their doubts solved during the discussion and 114/117(97.4%) found the information was relevant for their lives. First year medical students documented the opportunity to train several cognitive and affective abilities such as communication, resourcefulness, and how to interact in uncontrolled situations. Furthermore, they recognized that sexuality was not restricted to sexually transmitted diseases, but included emotional, ethical and physiological issues. Concluding, this community action, focused on health promotion for teenagers assessing themes on sexuality, brought positive results for high school students and for the training of medical students.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Education, Medical , Students, Medical , Community Participation , Health Promotion , Adolescent Health , Sexuality
18.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 59(3): 298-304, maio-jun. 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-679505

ABSTRACT

Depression and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are both common illnesses. Several studies demonstrated that depressed individuals have higher mortality compared to age-and gender-matched population, with an excess of cardiovascular deaths. There is a bidirectional association between depression and CVD. Several factors can interact and influence this relationship: poverty and social inequality, reduced accessibility to health care, biological alterations (as reduced heart rate variability, endothelial dysfunction, increased inflammation and platelet function, and hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), side effects of psychiatric medication, lower adherence to medical treatments, and higher frequency of cardiovascular risk factors (higher tobacco use, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes mellitus). This article aims to update the current evidence of the possible mechanisms involved in the association between depression and CVD.


A depressão e as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são patologias frequentes. Estudos demon stram que indivíduos deprimidos têm maior mortalidade quando comparados a indivíduos do mesmo sexo e faixa etária, com um excesso de mortes por doenças cardiovasculares. Há uma associação bidirecional entre depressão e doenças cardiovasculares. Vários fatores podem interagir e influenciar esta relação: a pobreza e a desigualdade social, dificuldade de acesso a cuidados de saúde, alterações biológicas (menor variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, disfunção endotelial, atividade inflamatória e função plaquetária aumentadas, hiperatividade do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal), efeitos colaterais de medicações psiquiátricas, menor adesão aos tratamentos e maior frequência de fatores de risco cardiovasculares (pior estilo de vida, maior frequência de tabagismo e inatividade física e maior prevalência de obesidade e diabetes mellitus). O objetivo deste artigo é revisar as evidências sobre a associação entre depressão e doenças cardiovasculares.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Depression/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Depression/mortality , Risk Factors
19.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 99(6): 1108-1114, dez. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-662370

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTO: A fibrilação atrial é um fator de risco controverso para demência. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a associação entre fibrilação atrial e demência em participantes do São Paulo Ageing & Health. MÉTODOS: O São Paulo Ageing & Health é um estudo transversal, de base populacional, de idosos residentes em um uma região de baixa renda da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Diagnóstico de demência foi realizado de acordo com o protocolo do grupo 10/66, com base em critérios do Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatística das Perturbações Mentais (DSM-IV). O diagnóstico de fibrilação atrial foi feito por eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações, avaliado por dois cardiologistas. Dados demográficos e de fatores de risco cardiovasculares também foram obtidos. RESULTADOS: A demência foi diagnosticada em 66 (4,3%) e fibrilação atrial em 36 (2,4%) de 1.524 participantes com um eletrocardiograma válido. A razão de chances bruta para demência em participantes com fibrilação atrial foi 2,8 (intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%: 1,0-8,1; p = 0,06) em comparação com indivíduos sem fibrilação atrial. Relação positiva foi encontrada em mulheres (RC 4,2; IC 95%: 1,2-15,1; p = 0,03). Após ajuste para idade, no entanto, essa associação tornou-se não significativa (RC 2,2, IC 95%: 0,6-8,9; p = 0,26). CONCLUSÃO: Não houve associação independente entre a fibrilação atrial e demência nessa amostra. A prevalência da fibrilação atrial pode ser baixa nesta população em virtude da mortalidade cardiovascular prematura.


BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a controversial risk factor for dementia. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the association between AF and dementia in the "Sao Paulo Ageing & Health" (SPAH) study participants. METHODS: SPAH is a cross-sectional, population-based study of elderly people living in a deprived neighborhood in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Dementia diagnosis was performed according to the 10/66 study group protocol based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. Diagnosis of AF was made using a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recording, which was assessed by two cardiologists. Data on demographics and cardiovascular risk factors were also obtained. RESULTS: Dementia was diagnosed in 66 (4.3%) and AF in 36 (2.4%) of 1,524 participants with a valid ECG. The crude odds ratio (OR) for dementia in participants with AF was 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-8.1; p=0.06) compared with individuals without AF. When analyzing data according to sex, a positive relationship was found in women (OR 4.2; 95% CI: 1.24-15.1; p=0.03). After age-adjustment, however, this association was no longer significant (OR 2.2; 95% CI: 0.6-8.9; p=0.26). CONCLUSION: There was no independent association between AF and dementia in this sample. The prevalence of AF may be low in this population owing to premature cardiovascular death.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Atrial Fibrillation/complications , Dementia/etiology , Age Factors , Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy , Brazil , Chi-Square Distribution , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors
20.
São Paulo; s.n; 2009. [124] p. tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-587325

ABSTRACT

Anemia é doença freqüente e sua prevalência aumenta com a idade. Sua relação com demência vem sendo estudada nas últimas décadas, com resultados conflitantes. Este trabalho tem por objetivos (a) Estimar, de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, a prevalência de anemia em amostra populacional de idosos do distrito do Butantã; (b) Verificar se anemia evolui como doença persistente ou recorrente nessa população e quais etiologias são as determinantes mais freqüentes dessa evolução; e (c) Avaliar se existe associação entre anemia e demência nessa amostra. Foram avaliados os 1.948 participantes do São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (braço brasileiro do 10/66 Dementia Research Group) submetidos à avaliação de demência e coleta de hemograma. Encontrou-se anemia em 203 (10,4%) indivíduos. 777 participantes (39,9%) com níveis de hemoglobina no início do estudo 13,5g/dl foram convidados a uma etapa de reavaliação, ocorrida, em mediana, 25,9 meses (intervalo interquartil: 25,1-30,9 meses) após a entrada no estudo. Essa etapa consistiu em uma entrevista estruturada, exame clínico e realização de exames laboratoriais para determinar a presença e causa de anemia. Foram realizados hemograma completo, contagem de reticulócitos, índice de segmentação neutrofílica, dosagens séricas de ácido fólico, vitamina B12, proteína C-reativa, uréia, creatinina, ferro, capacidade total de ligação de ferro, ferritina e saturação de transferrina. Para análise, os participantes dessa fase foram divididos em dois grupos: (1) participantes com anemia no início do estudo (n=203) e (2) participantes com hemoglobina 13,5 g/dl, porém sem anemia no início do estudo (n=574). No grupo 1, 145 (71,4%) participantes completaram o seguimento. 40 (27,6%) estavam vivos e sem anemia; 57 (39,3%) tinham anemia persistente/recorrente e 48 (33,1%) faleceram antes da reavaliação, principalmente por causas cardiovasculares ou neoplásicas. As causas mais freqüentes...


Anemia is a frequent disease and its prevalence increases with ageing. Relationship between anemia and dementia has been studied in the past decades, with conflicting results. This study has the following objectives: (a) To estimate, according to World Health Organization criteria, anemia prevalence in an elderly community sample in the borough of Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil; (b) To verify if anemia evolves as a persistent or recurrent disease in this population and which causes most frequently determine this evolution; and (c) To evaluate if there is an association between anemia and dementia in this population sample. 1,948 participants from the São Paulo Ageing and Health Study (Brazilian arm of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group), who had undergone a cognitive evaluation and total blood cell count at study baseline were evaluated. Anemia was found in 203 (10.4%) individuals. 777 participants (39.9%), with baseline hemoglobin levels 13.5 g/dl were invited to a reevaluation step, that occurred at a median time of 25.9 months (interquartile range: 25.1-30.9 months) after study entrance. This step consisted of a structured interview, clinical exam and blood sample collection to determine the presence and cause of anemia. Total blood cell and reticulocyte counts were performed. Serum determinations included folic acid, vitamin B12, C-reactive protein, urea, creatinine, iron, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity and transferrin saturation. For analysis purposes, these individuals were divided in two groups: (1) participants with anemia at study baseline (n=203) and (2) participants with hemoglobin levels 13.5 g/dl, but without anemia at study baseline (n=574). In group 1, 145 (71.4%) subjects completed follow-up. 40 (27.6%) were alive and without anemia; 57 (39.3%) had persistent/recurrent anemia and 48 (33.1%) died before reevaluation, mostly from cardiovascular disease or cancer. Most frequent causes of persistent/recurrent anemia were renal disease (62%),...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aged , Anemia/epidemiology , Anemia/etiology , Dementia
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